tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post5578545321378390796..comments2024-02-25T02:24:14.972-08:00Comments on Whole Health Source: Is Sugar Fattening?Stephan Guyenethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.comBlogger113125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-81333984800223343252016-03-26T12:17:36.686-07:002016-03-26T12:17:36.686-07:00Dear Stephan, should we limit fruit if we want to ...Dear Stephan, should we limit fruit if we want to lose weight? I heard something about de liver not being in able to process all the fructose and convert it into fat... Sorry if you have already answered this question before, I couldn't find it in your blog.<br />I have trouble digesting fructose and I feel quite bloated because of it. Today I stopped eating fruit (I ate a lot, like 4 stuks or more) and my digestion is much better.My belly has peace. I have also way less appetite! I guess this is also because fruit add a lot of reward to your diet...<br />Hope to hear from you... Thanks a lot again!<br />ROhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/08842295957434253882noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-88460155120350639802015-12-03T11:18:21.440-08:002015-12-03T11:18:21.440-08:00I'm a little confused; the article states that...I'm a little confused; the article states that sucrose MAY metabolically favor fat gain independent of excessive energy intake:<br /><br />"In conclusion, sucrose is not simply an energy source that may have a role in obesity, but rather has specific metabolic effects that favor the development of fat accumulation and insulin resistance independent of excessive energy intake."<br /><br />So how does this support Stephan's thinking that a calorie IS a calorie, and the mechanism by which sugar may cause fat gain is via food reward?Anonymoushttps://www.blogger.com/profile/02507585119217190120noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-15258395896650909302012-11-24T08:45:12.855-08:002012-11-24T08:45:12.855-08:00The problem with refined sugar is that in order to...The problem with refined sugar is that in order to make it white many chemicals are being used. It is often even bleached. I suspect that it makes it toxic.Paulhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12719637387823561294noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-84050165923934665412012-08-31T06:33:19.368-07:002012-08-31T06:33:19.368-07:00Boy do I wish honey was a 50:50 mix of glucose to ...Boy do I wish honey was a 50:50 mix of glucose to fructose. Having fructose intolerance, the most horrible things happen to me when I consume honey. I have no problem with molasses or maple syrup, however.Marisahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/03795097807749739013noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-57319166553425445682012-07-24T23:11:23.608-07:002012-07-24T23:11:23.608-07:00I admire what you have done here. I love the part ...I admire what you have done here. I love the part where you say you are doing this to give back but I would assume by all the comments that is working for you as well. Do you have any more info on this?Alfred Alberthttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17923432750011810766noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-68215454331616239262012-05-23T18:05:50.815-07:002012-05-23T18:05:50.815-07:00Rob, I think this might vary a LOT.
Personally,...Rob, I think this might vary a LOT. <br /><br />Personally, I would choose pasta over candy 99 times out of a hundred. Ditto for choosing pizza over ice cream. So whether alone or with fat, I find starch MUCH more palatable than sugar. <br /><br />I had no problem avoiding sugar the two decades I low-carbed. Before low carb, I only ate sugar maybe once a month anyways. But I missed bread, bagels, rolls, pasta, ravioli, pizza and fries every single darned day. When I had "cheat days", I went for pasta or pizza, not ice cream or candy.<br /><br />But then, I have little "sweet tooth" at all. I often can't eat at salad bars cause the dressings are too sweet and also sides like potato salad are too sweet (I don't know why they put sugar in something like that anyways). Juice tastes like syrup to me, and even some whole fruit is too sweet for me. <br /><br />But... I'm not usual. <br /><br />My husband would be happy if ice cream were "dinner" every night. Maybe with some rotation with cake now and then. <br /><br />Even as a kid, I didn't like as much sugar in koolaid as other kids did. <br /><br />Going off low-carb, I eat more sugar cause I do eat a lot more fruit. But my starch consumption has increased WAY more than my sugar consumption.Jackie Pattihttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05045742074108609096noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-7989506612901179092012-05-23T17:53:37.658-07:002012-05-23T17:53:37.658-07:00I think one of the benefits of unrefined sugars is...I think one of the benefits of unrefined sugars is that they are too strong tasting to overeat the same way white sugar is. <br /><br />Maple syrup, honey, molasses and the unrefined dark sugars all taste like SOMETHING besides just sweet.<br /><br />You CAN put 2-3 tablespoons of white sugar in your coffee, because it has no taste except sweet, whereas 2-3 tablespoons of molasses is just inedible in a cup of coffee.<br /><br />When we switched to a dark muscavado sugar, my husband could only eat 2 or 3 chocolate chip cookies made from the exact same recipe he could eat 10-15 of before. <br /><br />To me, they just tasted "too rich" and I had to cut the sugar 1/3rd to find them palatable at all - they were more like fudge than cookies.Jackie Pattihttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05045742074108609096noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-2446409135536489972012-04-04T08:08:46.129-07:002012-04-04T08:08:46.129-07:00A question I have.. I'm reading End of Overea...A question I have.. I'm reading End of Overeating and while he is constantly mentioning sugar, fat, and salt; at some points he notes that "the potato would quickly be digested into sugar". which seems to suggest that he considers Starch and Sugar as equivalents in food reward.<br /><br />My question is... Is Sugar, particularly the sweet taste of sugar, different or particularly more rewarding than starch? Do the rewarding effects of sugar exceed those of fats? He mentions anecdotes about sugar being effective as anesthesia...and I wondered...how much better could it be than fat? What is so special about sugar?<br /><br />Thank you if anyone knows.RobRhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11889680415917621479noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-15030103394926792652012-03-14T04:11:37.969-07:002012-03-14T04:11:37.969-07:00Just Going to start reading John Yudkin's clas...Just Going to start reading <b>John Yudkin's</b> classic book on the ill effects of sugar - <b>PURE, WHITE AND DEADLY</b> after reading your enlightening post! It has been lying on my shelf for a long time but am now sufficiently enthused and galvanised to give it a read! Thanks! - Atin Dasgupta (www.eternesseclinic.com)atinhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11920393840306323180noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-75278962853063785152012-03-09T22:12:15.165-08:002012-03-09T22:12:15.165-08:00Jannis is 100% correct. A problematic fatty liver ...Jannis is 100% correct. A problematic fatty liver is induced by NEFA influx to the liver. Fructose lowers NEFA and should be considered curative.<br /><br />I actually had NAFLD at a very low bf %. At the time I was eating a low carb, zero sucrose diet. When I increased my sucrose intake to 400g, including white sugar, I reversed the condition in less than one month. Confirmed by ultrasound.Adminhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14463635727002651238noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-46827942039982329162012-03-08T21:42:33.542-08:002012-03-08T21:42:33.542-08:00Another concern about added fructose is that it ra...Another concern about added fructose is that it raises uric acid, which has significant effects on kidney function, hypertension, and may play a role in metabolic syndrome. Again, real food packages the fructose with its antidote, in this case fiber binds uric acid in the gut leading to greater gut excretion lowering serum uric acid levels to a greater degree than the fructose raises it; also compounds in fruits, like querctin, reverse fructose induce uric acid transporter up-regulation.<br /><br />See http://ajprenal.physiology.org/content/290/3/F625.full<br /><br />"Fructose, but not dextrose, caused metabolic syndrome. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers serum uric acid, was able to both prevent and reverse features of metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats. Allopurinol lowered systolic blood pressure, improved insulin sensitivity, and normalized triglyceride levels. Similar effects were observed with benzbromarone (a uricosuric agent). Allopurinol also prevented weight gain in fructose-fed rats, and this did not appear to be due to effects of allopurinol on diet, for rats on the control diet fed allopurinol gained weight normally. Thus these studies provide the first evidence that uric acid may have a causal role in the pathogenesis of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.<br /><br />There is supporting evidence that uric acid may have a pathogenic role in metabolic syndrome. Hyperuricemia has been found to predict the development of both obesity and type 2 diabetes (29). Hyperuricemia is also commonly observed in metabolic syndrome (41), as well as in secondary insulin resistance syndromes"<br /><br />And http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/2/608.full<br />"Fructose is distinct from other sugars as uric acid is generated during its metabolism [2]. Serum uric acid levels have been found to correlate with the intake of fructose and added sugars [3]. In turn, an elevated serum uric acid has also been shown to be associated with hypertension, inflammation and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [4], and early intervention trials with xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as allopurinol have been found to have benefits on these parameters in both subjects with normal and decreased renal function [5–8]. ..."<br /><br />And http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/21/9/1416.full<br /><br />"Although dietary fructose and sugar-sweetened beverages are linked in part to the obesity epidemic,19 many of the observations of these studies demonstrate effects on BP independent of kilocalorie intake and weight gain. If modest reductions in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on the order of one to two per day could reduce daily fructose consumption to <74 g, then this could conceivably could result in a 3- to 4-mmHg decrease in systolic BP. Not only might this reduce incidence and mortality from stroke and coronary heart disease by measurable levels, but it also may delay prehypertension and incident hypertension"<br /><br />...Don Shttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07535573633972564567noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-68274462041437847712012-03-07T10:32:55.527-08:002012-03-07T10:32:55.527-08:00You'd have to be a student at a university wit...You'd have to be a student at a university with database privileges to access it for free from home. You could probably visit any public university library though and see it online or in print there.<br /><br />I think emailing it would be a no-no since it is a pay database and I am being given access to it under the terms that I don't share the content.stephershttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04753415893464809905noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-35176447515499798792012-03-07T01:30:19.394-08:002012-03-07T01:30:19.394-08:00Stephers,
Could you please tell how to access that...Stephers,<br />Could you please tell how to access that database, or, if that's not possible, send me the text via email?Jannishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10760269096994519209noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-31985617054573225742012-03-06T18:49:01.573-08:002012-03-06T18:49:01.573-08:00After Colldén's comment, I read the full text,...After Colldén's comment, I read the full text, which I managed to get from a university library database.<br /><br />From my reading of it, after 16 weeks the rats had pancreatic islet damage, which is why their fasting insulin was lower. <br /><br />At 16 weeks, their fasting blood glucose was 181, compared to 124 for the starch group (they both had a baseline of around 94). <br /><br />At 16 weeks the sucrose rats also had fatty liver. <br /><br />The tissue samples at 16 weeks show macrophages all over the place in the sucrose rat pancreases, while the starch group was normal. <br /><br />The sucrose group fasting blood glucose *doubled* from the baseline at the start of the study, ending 50% higher than the starch group after 16 weeks. <br /><br />At 4 weeks the sucrose group fasting blood glucose was only 108, and at week 16 it was 181. Transient effects? Transient on the way to becoming diabetic perhaps.<br /><br />If I am wrong, I hope someone will educate me, but it seems that Colldén has misrepresented the study, deliberately omitting a lot of crucial negative information about the sucrose group at the study's end, information which supports the authors' conclusions. <br /><br />As for the mouse study...perhaps mice (which eat mostly plant matter) are different from rats?stephershttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04753415893464809905noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-80510142692419826212012-03-06T12:56:17.111-08:002012-03-06T12:56:17.111-08:00stephers
In the study you linked comparing starch...stephers<br /><br />In the study you linked comparing starch vs a 40% sucrose diets, sugar-fed rats had a large increase in triglycerides and a lesser increase in uric acid and insulin at 4 weeks, but after 16 weeks there was absolutely no difference in either triglycerides or uric acid, and insulin levels were actually significantly lower in the sugar-fed rats. <br /><br />This is consistent with the idea that changing from a starch to a sugar-based diet will induce certain *transient* metabolic effects that disappear as the animals adapt themselves to the high-sugar diet. <br /><br />As I've already linked to earlier in this comment thread, in a study where normal mice were fed either a starch or sugar-based diet for 13 months (easily the most long-term study of this kind), the sugar-fed mice did not experience any negative metabolic effects whatsoever. They did not weigh more, they did not have more of either subcutaneous or visceral fat, they did not have heavier livers or more liver fat, nor higher levels of serum cholesterol or triglycerides. They furthermore actually had both lower levels of both glucose and insulin than the starch-fed mice and greater insulin sensitivity.<br /><br />http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/3/582.full<br /><br />I'm still waiting for someone who argues sucrose is unhealthy on the basis of short-term studies or using very abstract "disease" markers, to explain these results.Colldénhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10664747492507357479noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-75153066141528512322012-03-06T04:20:57.656-08:002012-03-06T04:20:57.656-08:00It's
British Journal of Nutrition (2010), 103,...It's<br />British Journal of Nutrition (2010), 103, 939–943<br />"Effects of a short-term overfeeding with fructose or glucose in healthy young males"<br /><br />"In summary, our present data indicate that a short-term overfeeding with either fructose or glucose leads within 7 d to several potentially deleterious metabolic alterations in healthy human subjects. Both sugars increased plasma TAG, which may increase cardiovascular risk (34). Both sugars also<br />led to intrahepatic fat deposition"<br /><br />Not sure why it doesn't come up for you but do a search with the title in quotes and it should pop to the top.Don Shttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07535573633972564567noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-90237629911996012322012-03-06T01:51:18.582-08:002012-03-06T01:51:18.582-08:00Don,
Sorry, I can't open the cambridge study y...Don,<br />Sorry, I can't open the cambridge study you linked. I tried the link with firefox and IE but the site says file not available.<br /><br />Good point about NAFL. Like I said, triglycerides for example can be protective and the things they often interpret as fatty liver or metabolic syndrome are ridiculous. The bad fatty acids are NEFAs (Non esterfied fatty acids), esterfied fatty acids are not harmful. In the ectopic lipid study you posted above, fructose groups had much lower harmful NEFA as compared to starch eaters. (616 vs. 367 and 599 vs. 367) That is a pretty striking difference.<br /><br />Yes, I am looking for a study showing that sugar induces liver damage. But I would also like to see a good study that compares the effect of the two on the overall health of humans/rats. Like the Raben study, only longer. All studies of that sort that I have seen show not only that sucrose eaters were not unhealthier but (in my interpretation) even better off.<br /> <br />Stephers,<br />I couldn't find a full text version of that abstract, so I can't comment on it. But even without looking at the full text, their methods seem strange. They feed the rats a diet for 4 months and then they perform in vitro experiments to evaluate their health. Probably the sugar rats showed too good in vivo results, so they had to do something in a petri dish.Jannishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10760269096994519209noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-40064460853060630332012-03-05T19:50:08.171-08:002012-03-05T19:50:08.171-08:00Ah. I thought I was just posting too much!
stephe...Ah. I thought I was just posting too much!<br /><br />stephers, this http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15902988 confirms the swimming in cold water causing more intake bit anyway. Same calories expended but exercise in cold water provoked 45% more energy intake over "neutral" (33 degree C) water afterwards. EPOC not measured.Don Shttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07535573633972564567noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-41840346786880394382012-03-05T17:01:03.719-08:002012-03-05T17:01:03.719-08:00Oops, it was caught by my spam filter... just publ...Oops, it was caught by my spam filter... just published it.Stephan Guyenethttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-33625988362117187712012-03-05T16:42:23.394-08:002012-03-05T16:42:23.394-08:00Hi Stephan,
Both my comment that you are replying...Hi Stephan,<br /><br />Both my comment that you are replying to, and a comment Don left after yours (that I was notified of by email), seem to have disappeared from the list of comments. So no one can see the study I linked that you are commenting on, and I don't think Don or Jannis saw the study I linked about sucrose vs starch.<br /><br />Is Blogspot malfunctioning?stephershttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04753415893464809905noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-1405390382229060172012-03-05T16:13:27.517-08:002012-03-05T16:13:27.517-08:00So agreed that neither those studies demonstrate f...So agreed that neither those studies demonstrate fructose or sucrose's superiority over starch or glucose.<br /><br />I thought your initial request was for a study that showed "that fructose, not a high-fat diet, causes liver damage"? Not that sucrose has "no harm compared to starch." As to your position that BOTH can be equally harmful if overfed, this study may be of interest to you: http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN103_07%2FS0007114509992819a.pdf&code=7b59458fd883474a0e528452fc6608c7<br /><br />Yup. While the discussion section places the findings in some context of other studies with disparate results, it seems to be the overfeeding that is the more critical factor in causing effects, be the overfeeding by glucose or by fructose. <br /><br />stephers link was also worth reading btw. It is not so cut and dried that "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease" (NAFLD) is really damage per se, it may actually be a protective mechanism, so the speculative hypothesis that fructose is a first hit on the road to NAFLD, is one further step away from proving that fructose per se causes harm. As the actual BML article (http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6891?tab=full ) put it: "our findings support the suggestion that people with accumulation of fat in the liver have a good prognosis with respect to mortality. One speculation is that the ability of the liver to store triglycerides may in fact be a protection mechanism in obesity.33 In the absence of such a response, free fatty acids may accumulate and lead to more severe liver damage and systemic consequences.34"<br /><br />In any case, we are brought back to palatability and satiety and the common sense conclusions: real foods of plant origin have fiber along with their starch and sugars which is protective; created products without fiber (and various other components), which induce overconsumption of sugars, starch, and fats, OTOH, cause many problems.<br /><br />Which should surprise no one.Don Shttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07535573633972564567noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-8930097927008089762012-03-05T15:59:00.387-08:002012-03-05T15:59:00.387-08:00Hi stephers etc,
The study you linked to is consi...Hi stephers etc,<br /><br />The study you linked to is consistent with the majority of the evidence that diets high in refined sugar are not healthy for rodents. That's why the American Institute of Nutrition is trying to phase out purified high-sucrose diets in favor of starch, except for studies that are specifically studying the negative effects of diets high in sucrose. <br /><br />I know there is a small Internet faction out there that thinks sugar is superior to starch as a staple energy source, but the evidence overall does not support that position.Stephan Guyenethttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-2788887385489514942012-03-05T15:37:32.304-08:002012-03-05T15:37:32.304-08:00Jannis perhaps you might find this study of intere...Jannis perhaps you might find this study of interest. They fed one group of rats 40% sucrose by calories, and the other group 40% starch by calories instead. No obesity involved.<br /><br />Sucrose induces fatty liver and pancreatic inflammation in male breeder rats independent of excess energy intake.<br /><br />"Fructose induces metabolic syndrome in rats; but studies have been criticized for using high concentrations of fructose that are not physiologic, for using only pure fructose, and for not controlling for energy intake. We tested the hypothesis that a 40% sucrose diet (containing 20% fructose) might induce features of metabolic syndrome in male breeder rats independent of excess energy intake. <br /><br />Male Sprague-Dawley breeder rats were pair fed 40% sucrose or isocaloric starch diet for 4 months and evaluated for metabolic syndrome and diabetes. <br /><br />In vitro studies were performed in rat insulinoma cells (RIN-m5F) exposed to uric acid, and markers of inflammation were assessed. Rats fed a 40% sucrose diet developed accelerated features of metabolic syndrome with up-regulation of fructose-dependent transporter Glut5 and fructokinase. Fatty liver and low-grade pancreatic inflammation also occurred. Uric acid was found to stimulate inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress in islet cells in vitro. <br /><br />Sucrose, at concentrations ingested by a subset of Americans, can accelerate metabolic syndrome, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in male breeder rats; and the effects are independent of excess energy intake."<br /><br />Metabolism. 2011 Sep;60(9):1259-70. Epub 2011 Apr 12.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21489572" rel="nofollow">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21489572</a> for abstract. I couldn't find a free full text version online, but maybe I don't know where to look.<br /><br />To me this study is very interesting because, unlike a lot of studies, the results don't depend on the subjects being obese, which could be a confounder of the effects of sucrose on metabolism.stephershttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04753415893464809905noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-58489046355851966622012-03-05T01:32:49.882-08:002012-03-05T01:32:49.882-08:00Don,
The rat study simply shows that sucrose is su...Don,<br />The rat study simply shows that sucrose is superior to starch in keeping the blood sugar at a normal level, preventing harmful hypoglycemia.<br />The sucrose rats needed less glucose than the starch group because they had more glycogen stored(one more beneficial effect of sugar) and had a more effective gluconeogenesis during the clamp.<br />This had nothing to do with impaired insulin function, they were only more effectively converting their glycogen to new glucose. <br /><br />"After the clamp glycogen levels in the Sucrose group were significantly lower than basal values (200 ± 28 mol/g, p <0.05), whereas in the Starch group post-clamp levels were comparable to basal (208 ± 33 tmol/g). Thus the inhibition of glycogen breakdown by insulin<br />elevation was greater in the Starch than the Sucrose group. From these data a rough calculation can be made of the contribution ofglycogen breakdown to the differences between groups in hepatic glucose output during<br />the clamp."<br /><br />I agree with you. The two studies do not convincingly show that sucrose is superior to starch. But they offer a small picture of how the two might work in the long run.<br />What they do show is that sucrose had no harmful effects compared to starch.<br />This leads me back to my original question. Can you show me a study that shows that sugar leads to weight gain or has any harmful effects as compared to starch?Jannishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/10760269096994519209noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-86677130485871291412012-03-04T17:48:31.356-08:002012-03-04T17:48:31.356-08:00Jannis:
For your interest.
http://www.ajcn.org/co...Jannis:<br /><br />For your interest.<br />http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/6/1760.full<br /><br />"A 7-d high-fructose diet increased ectopic lipid deposition in liver and muscle and fasting VLDL-triacylglycerols and decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity"<br /><br />Effects were greater in the healthy offspring of those with Type2 DM. <br /><br />Note: this was fructose as excess calories. It may not be true if calories are kept within the range that prevents weight gain. And again back to why fructose in real foods with fiber (and phytochemicals) seems to be just fine.<br /><br />"One major limitation of our study was that fructose was administered as part of a hypercaloric diet. Therefore, it was not possible, based on the present data, to determine whether the increase in IHCLs was due to energy overconsumption or to the specific effects of fructose. It has indeed been shown that short-term fat overconsumption also increases IHCLs to a similar extent (4, 31). No data are available regarding the effects of fructose compared with those of glucose or starch on IHCLs in humans, but it has been reported in rodents that 2 wk of overconsumption of fructose, but not glucose, markedly increased IHCLs and plasma triacylglycerols (32). Of the postulated mechanisms, the authors suggested that fructose decreased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor–mediated hepatic lipid oxidation. In humans, acute fructose administration increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis and postprandial triacylglycerols to a greater extent than comparable glucose loads (33, 34). Similarly, fructose, but not glucose, administered over a 6-wk period increased fasting and postprandial triacylglycerols in insulin-resistant male subjects (26). Additional human studies comparing the chronic effects of fructose and glucose overconsumption will be required to better delineate the specific contribution of fructose on IHCLs."Don Shttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07535573633972564567noreply@blogger.com