tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post9061693873814255496..comments2024-02-25T02:24:14.972-08:00Comments on Whole Health Source: Potatoes and Human Health, Part IIIStephan Guyenethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-14972806549298820042014-04-10T00:49:01.183-07:002014-04-10T00:49:01.183-07:00Hi guys, great article and great comments. I was w...Hi guys, great article and great comments. I was wondering: How does potato starch stack up with potatos peeled as far as anti-nutrients?<br />Mikehttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12961741848577480579noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-61175486129960868362012-12-24T13:20:42.409-08:002012-12-24T13:20:42.409-08:00I haven't had a chance to review the paper (de...I haven't had a chance to review the paper (design, methodology, etc.). It would be interesting to see what role exercise plays in regards to keep blood sugars low. The study apparently separates groups into "urban" and "suburban" but the post doesn't go into detail as to sedentary/non-sedentary habits of these two groups (have to assume that the suburban group is fairly non-sedentary). <br /><br />It is certainly possible that highly active individuals, as a group, might be exhibit fairly low fasting blood glucose levels regardless of the type of diet. <br /><br />In other words, the results might be the same if you substituted high protein, vitamin enriched white bread (or some other high glycemic item) for potatoes--assuming all other things are equal.<br /><br />I apologize if this question is answered in the comments (or somewhere in the blog post), and I missed it.Anthony Hopperhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/15708347177061466201noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-9686661082173246972010-11-14T21:41:29.575-08:002010-11-14T21:41:29.575-08:00It should be noted that in Adam Smith's time t...It should be noted that in Adam Smith's time that the English lower classes lived almost entirely on bread. TB, smallpox and syphilis were rampant.<br /><br />So Smith was actually comparing relatively poorly fed Irish people with very poorly fed English people.<br /><br />To put this in perspective the English male aristocrats (who lived mostly on meat) were 15cm taller than their working class counterparts (who lived on a bread based diet) 200 years ago.blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-2749668445231655012010-11-14T21:32:22.792-08:002010-11-14T21:32:22.792-08:00Letter abstract
Nature Genetics 39, 1256 - 1260 (...Letter abstract<br /><br />Nature Genetics 39, 1256 - 1260 (2007)<br />Published online: 9 September 2007 | doi:10.1038/ng2123<br /><br />Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation<br /><br />http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v39/n10/abs/ng2123.html<br /><br />"Starch consumption is a prominent characteristic of agricultural societies and hunter-gatherers in arid environments. In contrast, rainforest and circum-arctic hunter-gatherers and some pastoralists consume much less starch1, 2, 3. This behavioral variation raises the possibility that different selective pressures have acted on amylase, the enzyme responsible for starch hydrolysis4. We found that copy number of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) is correlated positively with salivary amylase protein level and that individuals from populations with high-starch diets have, on average, more AMY1 copies than those with traditionally low-starch diets. Comparisons with other loci in a subset of these populations suggest that the extent of AMY1 copy number differentiation is highly unusual. This example of positive selection on a copy number–variable gene is, to our knowledge, one of the first discovered in the human genome. Higher AMY1 copy numbers and protein levels probably improve the digestion of starchy foods and may buffer against the fitness-reducing effects of intestinal disease."<br /><br />This suggests that tolerance to dietary starches is highly variable and genetically based. <br /><br />The Kitivans and Andeans are probably rare exceptions that can tolerate very high starch diets. This is mostly likely due to thousands of years of very powerful selection to a tuber based diet. <br /><br />From everything I've read primarily carnivorous societies such as Inuits and Australian aborigines have an extremely poor tolerance of starchy foods.blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-25841178200579870042010-11-14T21:22:44.045-08:002010-11-14T21:22:44.045-08:00"If I understand correctly, European HGs didn..."If I understand correctly, European HGs didn't really adopt agriculture. They were genetically replaced by agricultural and pastoralist populations. So the archaeological sites showing carnivorous European humans probably don't represent our ancestors."<br /><br />Agriculture arrived very late in northern Europe. Grains were very rarely eaten in Iceland before the late 1800s. Weston Price noted in the 1920s that a little girl in the Outer Hebrides had never seen an apple before.<br /><br />Northern Europe has been continuously populated for over 40,000 years. In fact history shows us that northern Europeans were the ones doing the displacing. <br /><br />Vikings had settlements as far south as Sicily and as far east as Turkey. Rome was overrun and defeated by Scandinavian "barbarians" who decided to stay. The entire white male population of England is of Scandinavian origin.blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-77079417542615137982010-11-14T21:03:37.864-08:002010-11-14T21:03:37.864-08:00The Irish traditionally ate their potatoes half-co...The Irish traditionally ate their potatoes half-cooked. The people of the Andes do likewise. This mean that a lot of the starch isn't gelatinised.<br /><br />Sweet potatoes contain large amounts of retrograde starches which revert to a non-gelatinised state as they cool.<br /><br />So it is likely that the Kitivans, Irish and Peruvians aren't really getting a large change in blood glucose despite a high carbohydrate diet. They would also be producing a lot of volatile fatty acids (and flatus) from gut fermentations.blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-47923144169341196302010-11-14T00:24:06.331-08:002010-11-14T00:24:06.331-08:00Gary Taubes has made the point that all these &quo...Gary Taubes has made the point that all these "healthy" high carb diets are found in subsistence cultures where there is no real opportunity or motivation to overeat. <br /><br />A 3000KCal diet is almost 4kg of boiled potatoes. There is no real risk of unwittingly overeating on such a diet. In fact you would probably have to really force yourself to eat enough just to maintain weight. <br /><br />http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2556/2blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-40643662088192350142010-11-13T23:50:08.485-08:002010-11-13T23:50:08.485-08:00The Irish diet was mainly potatoes but they also a...The Irish diet was mainly potatoes but they also ate quite a lot of butter, fermented dairy products and some fish.<br /><br />Traditional potato growing is a very labour intensive job. <br /><br />Most of the Irish people that Adam Smith would have seen were labourers and housemaids that did a lot of physical labour. <br /><br />I know an former international level female gymnast who lives primarily on Coke and chocolate. She also teaches exercise physiology at a major university.<br /><br />Michael Phelps is living proof that you can live almost entirely on junk food if you exercise hard enough.blogbloghttps://www.blogger.com/profile/18029519906193388609noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-43681889889031698842010-11-06T18:39:26.225-07:002010-11-06T18:39:26.225-07:00Hi- Great series! I was told that most of the nutr...Hi- Great series! I was told that most of the nutrients in potatoes reside just underneath the skin, so peeling them removes both the fiber in the skin and the nutrients underneath. I recently observed my husband's German mother making her traditional potato salad by boiling small red potatoes then peeling them with a pairing knife. This is a much more tedious process than peeling them raw but doesn't remove any of the the flesh beneath the skin. If it is true that the nutrients are concentrated directly under the skin, then this preparation method would be superior and perhaps why the Germans adopted it. My mother-in-law didn't know why she did it that way, but stuck to it even when we tried to convince her that peeling the potatoes raw would be much more efficient! <br />BTW, I have also read the recommendation, I think from the WAPF folks, to peel some of the potatoes in a batch but not all to get some of the fiber in the skin but decrease the toxins.Pamela Phttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12723936394693094183noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-85318791750022912182010-10-28T21:05:32.315-07:002010-10-28T21:05:32.315-07:00"If I were to design an "optimal diet&qu..."If I were to design an "optimal diet", it would be based mostly on starchy tubers (multiple kinds), pastured meats including organs, wild-caught seafood, and vegetables. It might also contain a smaller amount of fermented non-gluten grains, beans, fruit, eggs and dairy. But realistically, it would depend on the individual."<br /><br />This is a great piece. Perhaps you could put something like this on a separate page, along with some of your other diet principles? Your own sort of 'get started' page.Kyle Murphyhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/14275444982159079138noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-31803825644797136802010-10-18T03:11:46.229-07:002010-10-18T03:11:46.229-07:00excellent series Stephanexcellent series StephanChrishttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00223657383325055342noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-9981476462518835632010-10-14T21:28:16.219-07:002010-10-14T21:28:16.219-07:00Congratulations Stephan, though I read many blogs ...Congratulations Stephan, though I read many blogs you are the first to convince me to sign up for some bullshit username to leave an identity. The fact that you don't have anonymous commenting pisses off many people and probably loses you valued insight into many of your posts. <br />However, I have a worry serious enough to break my fuck you stance against Google's increasing attempt to monitor people's activities online.<br /><br />I have been following a low carb paleo diet with resounding success for some months now. My negotiation skills aren't great (as you can no doubt) tell and I've had little success in persuading my family to cut the CW crap. <br /><br />However, my one and only sister is a vegetarian. Her main food consists of potatoes and bread. I can not see anyway to get her to eat meat. She looks healthy enough though I suspect her mood swings are a reaction to all the carbs and I'm worried she might be pre-diabetic. <br /><br />Your post on potatoes reassure me somewhat, but my real question is, what is the healthiest way to structure a diet around potatoes? What supplements does she need? What foods does she need most to make up for a lack of EFAs and protein not provided by potatoes?<br />Even small things like ditching the margarine for butter would help.<br />Any advice would be appreciated?Bushrathttps://www.blogger.com/profile/05480638752683062969noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-18755661155239876972010-10-11T11:50:43.177-07:002010-10-11T11:50:43.177-07:00We grow our own potatoes (organically). Do they n...We grow our own potatoes (organically). Do they need to be peeled in this instance? I always thought the peel was the most nutritous part.<br /><br />- David<br /><br /><a href="http://www.aloe-vera.org" rel="nofollow">Aloe Vera Juice Benefits</a><br /><a href="http://www.holistic.us.com" rel="nofollow">Holistic Nutrition and Health</a><br /><a href="http://www.orionpools.com" rel="nofollow">Pool Plastering</a>"Guppy" Honakerhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/00418432570902397757noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-46907753854873388672010-10-07T16:45:23.686-07:002010-10-07T16:45:23.686-07:00Having spent some time on the Andean Ridge, I'...Having spent some time on the Andean Ridge, I'm not convinced that the Quechua and Aymara are good health models... they have an extremely short life expectancy (males <50 years), but it's quite difficult (impossible, maybe) to tease out the effects of their diet from confounding factors (high-risk employment, inadequate health care).<br /><br />I'd read about the potato flack's anticipated potato diet. I'll be watching his site -- and yours -- with interest.Unknownhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/11502390161613058873noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-72573154395737966812010-10-07T11:05:27.152-07:002010-10-07T11:05:27.152-07:00Hi Belmondo,
I think that most people are genetic...Hi Belmondo,<br /><br />I think that most people are genetically adapted to a significant amount of carbohydrate. Throughout the world, high-carb cultures are healthy as long as they don't eat industrial food. High-fat cultures are healthy as well, but there are not nearly as many examples of them. <br /><br />I think that most people have an evolutionary past that hasn't been particularly low-carb for hundreds of thousands of years. Our African hunter-gatherer ancestors probably ate a substantial amount of starchy root vegetables (amount uncertain, but certainly varied by season and other factors). Muskiet and Cordain just published a paper estimating that our African HG ancestors ate about 40% of energy as carb.<br /><br />Then, there was agriculture. Descendants of agricultural populations clearly have genetic adaptations to agricultural food sources, but the question is how completely are we adapted? No one knows the answer to that, but it's neither "not at all" nor "completely". <br /><br />If I understand correctly, European HGs didn't really adopt agriculture. They were genetically replaced by agricultural and pastoralist populations. So the archaeological sites showing carnivorous European humans probably don't represent our ancestors. <br /><br />I don't know what amount of carbohydrate is optimal, but it likely depends on the individual. I think very high carb (70% +) is probably not optimal for most people, and very low carb (10% or less) probably isn't optimal for most either. There seem to be people in affluent nations who genuinely benefit from carb restriction, I don't dispute that. But I doubt carbs per se caused the problem to begin with, as you don't see those types of metabolic issues in high-carb traditional cultures.<br /><br />I think many questions remain, but generally I don't see much of a role for starch per se in the diseases of civilization.Stephan Guyenethttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-14988006430372747782010-10-06T23:39:41.914-07:002010-10-06T23:39:41.914-07:00Really enjoyed this series, thank you yet again! I...Really enjoyed this series, thank you yet again! I sort of felt Cordain was being overly "alarmistic" again... It's good to feel safe about having potatoes now and then.<br /><br />Now, I think a lot of readers other than myself are pondering what I'm pondering. You seem to have a bit of a preference for carbohydrates (NTTAWWT). It may just be your niche in the paleo blogging scene (your way of having a unique voice), or maybe there's something else behind it, some more esoteric knowledge? Here's the question:<br /><br />- Are there reasons to believe a low-carber's health would improve by upping the carbs (from safe sources) from, say, 50-80 g/d to, say, 150 or even beyond?<br /><br />- Also, do you disagree with the paleo notion that people - especially us of northern European descent - haven't *optimally* evolved to deal with high glycemic loads? <br /><br />The ethnographic data seems to suggest many people in the southern hemisphere don't suffer overtly, according to certain parametres, from high GL eating. That's valuable information: we can use that to target the real offenders more specifically (sugat, wheat, vegetable oils...). But exactly *how* valuable is that information to us who are trying to have optimal health in an affluent context?<br /><br />I'm quite sure these are baffling other readers as well, so I'd LOVE even a quick response. Thanks so much, keep up the great work!Puutyöläinenhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/07886999595551421353noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-2713603129110520202010-10-06T18:08:27.947-07:002010-10-06T18:08:27.947-07:00Hello. You helped me on a web board about a year ...Hello. You helped me on a web board about a year ago regarding the dangers of using the Friedewald formula for people on low carb diets.<br /><br />For what it's worth, I started showing the symptoms of metabolic syndrome in my mid 40s during a 2-3 year period when I was eating about half a potato every day; prior to that my carbohydrate intake was mostly wheat. I'm also one of those that gets arthritis from nightshades - possibly more a tomato issue than a potato issue for me - based on an elimination diet. You can add that to your store of anecdotal data.<br /><br />My main point, however, is that safety of potatoes in a traditional diet does not equate to safety for affluent westerners. I expect if you looked at Chinese data, for example, you'd find just as positive results for diets with a lot of rice, or even with a lot of wheat; certainly few of them get fat. People who can't afford more calories than they need to burn off don't tend to get fat, no matter what they eat.Warren Dewhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/04931534358398867534noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-15450820113203298712010-10-05T12:41:32.602-07:002010-10-05T12:41:32.602-07:00Mmmmm, Potatoes Anna! Takes a while, but worth it...Mmmmm, Potatoes Anna! Takes a while, but worth it. All that butter!Annahttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17033443643442246531noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-77772951213138515882010-10-05T12:05:37.572-07:002010-10-05T12:05:37.572-07:00how could I forget potatoes au gratin! silly me :D...how could I forget potatoes au gratin! silly me :Dstanhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12013025815871749498noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-29836412192258058022010-10-05T12:01:21.362-07:002010-10-05T12:01:21.362-07:00I wonder if the guy feeding himself potatoes is ea...I wonder if the guy feeding himself potatoes is eating mashed potatoes and gravy. yum.....<br /><br />If you're worried about eating a lot of butter/sour cream with your potato, salsa is an alternative that's low in calories, although it's not as tasty.<br /><br />You might be surprised to hear this but I don't like sweet potatoes as much as potatoes. The taste of butter on sweet potato makes me gag. Potatoes in my opinion are much more versatile.<br /><br />Another good potato dish is shepherd's pie. You can also make potato soup by boiling peeled and chopped potatoes and adding vegetables and meat.stanhttps://www.blogger.com/profile/12013025815871749498noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-18382098112024398562010-10-05T01:40:04.195-07:002010-10-05T01:40:04.195-07:00This comment has been removed by the author.Stipetichttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17599360018738666001noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-43698431622518123632010-10-05T01:36:57.257-07:002010-10-05T01:36:57.257-07:00Part deux...
Having said that, I can’t immediatel...Part deux...<br /><br />Having said that, I can’t immediately see from the 1964 study what would provide such protection in the folks of Nunos. Their diet appears highly inflammatory, with very few anti-inflammatory components. It doesn’t mean there are not present, but the 1964 study provides very little to suggest that there was much of an anti-inflammatory component. And it’s quite difficult to estimate the robustness of the 1964 study as it hasn’t been reproduced and several later studies are in partial conflict with it—especially as to daily caloric intake (Pawson et al 2010, Pawson et al 2001, de Meer et al 1993, Leonard et al 1989, Leatherman et al 1995, Leonard 1997). From all these studies, it seems the children of Nunos were never all that healthy to begin with and that this particular diet may account for the low stature of these people. The information is difficult to interpret because of the many variables and cofounders, the drastic cultural changes forced on these people because of political forces over the years, the development of socioeconomic classes, the change in diet, etc. One trend I did notice is that over the years the more affluent—who had access to more Western foods—did not necessarily become more “unhealthy” or develop the diseases of civilization (these might become more apparent given a few more years, though). What is also interesting is that the children of the affluent are bigger in stature than their less affluent counterparts. There’s mention in one of the studies that the affluent consume four times the amount of fats as the less affluent, but it’s not clear whether fat intake comes from animal products (which are usually sold outside the locale) or from plant oils. So, personally, I’m not ready to give the potato (or carbohydrates) a clean bill of “optimal” health yet. But I find it very informative and useful. BTW, I do include small portions of potatoes to my meals, so I'm not anti-potato.<br /><br />Sorry for the long post. I thought it might be useful to you and your readership to share my prejudice of homogeneous sampling. Or not. ;-)Stipetichttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17599360018738666001noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-36513713442486841692010-10-05T01:36:32.291-07:002010-10-05T01:36:32.291-07:00First time poster here, but I've been lurking ...First time poster here, but I've been lurking at your site for some time now. Keep up the great work.<br /><br />I'd like to share a precautionary note on what appears to be strong affirmations of the potato's safety based on very limited data. I have the same reservations about sweeping safety statements about sweet potatoes (or carbohydrates in general) based on Kitavan studies. Both the Nunos and the Kitavan folks provide useful information in our pursuit for "perfect" health, but I'm not sure how much emphasis should be placed on information gathered from homogeneous populations eating such limited homogeneous diets. It could very well be that potatoes (and the variety eaten by the folks from Kitivan--a different species altogether) are inflammatory (non-optimal/harmful, take your pick) on our bodies but that other factors in these homogeneous diets are protective of these harmful effects. For example, the Kitavans consistently ingest both fish and coconuts--both of which could provide anti-inflammatory protection against the carbs inflammatory effects. Plausible, I believe—definitely worth keeping in mind.<br /><br />To be continued...Stipetichttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17599360018738666001noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-36654237711363390692010-10-05T01:35:11.875-07:002010-10-05T01:35:11.875-07:00First time poster here, but I've been lurking ...First time poster here, but I've been lurking at your site for some time now. Keep up the great work.<br /><br />I'd like to share a precautionary note on what appears to be strong affirmations of the potato's safety based on very limited data. I have the same reservations about sweeping safety statements about sweet potatoes (or carbohydrates in general) based on Kitavan studies. Both the Nunos and the Kitavan folks provide useful information in our pursuit for "perfect" health, but I'm not sure how much emphasis should be placed on information gathered from homogeneous populations eating such limited homogeneous diets. It could very well be that potatoes (and the variety eaten by the folks from Kitivan--a different species altogether) are inflammatory (non-optimal/harmful, take your pick) on our bodies but that other factors in these homogeneous diets are protective of these harmful effects. For example, the Kitavans consistently ingest both fish and coconuts--both of which could provide anti-inflammatory protection against the carbs inflammatory effects. Plausible, I believe—definitely worth keeping in mind. <br /><br />Having said that, I can’t immediately see from the 1964 study what would provide such protection in the folks of Nunos. Their diet appears highly inflammatory, with very few anti-inflammatory components. It doesn’t mean there are not present, but the 1964 study provides very little to suggest that there was much of an anti-inflammatory component. And it’s quite difficult to estimate the robustness of the 1964 study as it hasn’t been reproduced and several later studies are in partial conflict with it—especially as to daily caloric intake (Pawson et al 2010, Pawson et al 2001, de Meer et al 1993, Leonard et al 1989, Leatherman et al 1995, Leonard 1997). From all these studies, it seems the children of Nunos were never all that healthy to begin with and that this particular diet may account for the low stature of these people. The information is difficult to interpret because of the many variables and cofounders, the drastic cultural changes forced on these people because of political forces over the years, the development of socioeconomic classes, the change in diet, etc. One trend I did notice is that over the years the more affluent—who had access to more Western foods—did not necessarily become more “unhealthy” or develop the diseases of civilization (these might become more apparent given a few more years, though). What is also interesting is that the children of the affluent are bigger in stature than their less affluent counterparts. There’s mention in one of the studies that the affluent consume four times the amount of fats as the less affluent, but it’s not clear whether fat intake comes from animal products (which are usually sold outside the locale) or from plant oils. So, personally, I’m not ready to give the potato (or carbohydrates) a clean bill of “optimal” health yet. But I find it very informative and useful. BTW, I do include small portions of potatoes to my meals, so I'm not anti-potato.<br /><br />Sorry for the long post. I thought it might be useful to you and your readership to share my prejudice of homogeneous sampling. Or not. ;-)Stipetichttps://www.blogger.com/profile/17599360018738666001noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1629175743855013102.post-90157045042308751242010-10-04T14:54:07.297-07:002010-10-04T14:54:07.297-07:00Hi Kurt,
Glad you noticed! I did design the logo...Hi Kurt,<br /><br />Glad you noticed! I did design the logo myself. Thanks for the book recommendation. <br /><br />Hi Lisa,<br /><br />I don't know if any culture truly has an optimal diet, if such a thing even exists, but I think the Kitavan diet is probably superior to the Quechua/Aymara diet. Kitavans get more animal foods and more fat. Hunter-gatherers in the Pacific Northwest had a very good diet as well: lots of fish, shellfish, land mammals, tubers and various gathered plant foods. <br /><br />If I were to design an "optimal diet", it would be based mostly on starchy tubers (multiple kinds), pastured meats including organs, wild-caught seafood, and vegetables. It might also contain a smaller amount of fermented non-gluten grains, beans, fruit, eggs and dairy. But realistically, it would depend on the individual.Stephan Guyenethttps://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250noreply@blogger.com